If you ever wondered how to ferment cabbage, here it is! Simple formula for a complex result: great cabbage for salad, chockfull of vitamins and nutrients.
Late fall is all about prepping for the winter, so today I’m sharing a procedure for fermenting cabbage (kako ukiseliti kupus) in small quantities, and including a familiar fresh cabbage salad recipe.
Fermenting goes back to the pre-refrigerator days, as it was the best way to preserve fruit and vegetables for the winter. Cabbage has always been a popular choice due to its versatility. You can make a salad out of cabbage, bake it, simmer, or stuff it into what is called sarma in the region. (However, due to the seeming procedural complexity, just like making baklava, fermenting veggies has scared some away.)
Additionally, all kinds of healing properties are ascribed to both fresh and fermented cabbage, and that’s probably why it has such a revered place in the Balkan cuisine. To start with, cabbage is replete with calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, iron and a ridiculous amount of Vitamin C.
Here is an excerpt from National Health, written by Sadik ef. Sadiković, a well-known late 19th, early 20th century alternative doctor from Hercegovina, in which he describes different cabbage uses:
“Sweet and sour cabbage is not only a very healthy food, but also has medicinal properties. Fresh, ground cabbage leaves cool and bring down swellings, swelled feet, abscesses and other inflammations. Fermented cabbage dissolves and isolates bad fluids from the body, and cleanses plus strengthens the blood. Anemic people should eat raw fermented cabbage as much as possible, together with onion, cumin, sunflower oil and corn bread. People plagued by anxiety, and those with stomach problems, as well as those suffering from the illnesses of thorax, scurvy, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout also can benefit. People with these illnesses need to eat it on an empty stomach for a longer period of time, and digestion will take care of itself. For cleansing, and a persisting cough, a person should drink rasol (water cabbage was fermented in): one teaspoon every half an hour for 4-6 weeks. If rasol is too salty, it should be watered down well. For near deafness caused by ear inflammation, people can spray rasol in the ear. This has been known to achieve great success. Cabbage is also useful in the instances of bee, wasp or other insect bites, as well as with wounds and abscesses. Make a compress out of the fermented cabbage, and put it on the wound. When it warms up, after about 30-45 minutes, the compress needs to be changed. If the compress starts gnawing (due to acidity), it can be watered down. Finally, one – two glasses of rasol cures hangovers.”*
Today’s fermentation technique is the most basic one consisting of green cabbage, salt and water. (Red cabbage is not good for fermenting, but is delicious when fresh. See recipe below.) I like bigger chunks so I cut the cabbage up the same way I would cut an apple – first into halves, then quarters, then eights. I then layer it into a glass jar pressing it firmly, and putting about a tablespoon of salt in between layers and top it off with water. Final step is to put it on a tray, place something heavier on top, and leave it uncovered for the night. In the morning, top it off with water again as the cabbage will have absorbed some of the water, tighten the lid, and leave out at room temperature for three to four weeks.
If you’re just starting I recommend a smaller jar, like the 16oz one. This will give you an opportunity to experiment how long you want to ferment the cabbage for. It becomes increasingly sourer as the days go by. You may even want to start with two 16oz jars, and leave them out for different time periods. Some recommend a shorter period of time, some for longer (I find my cabbage is best after about 20 days, but sometimes I leave it out for 5-10 days too).
(This article explains possible fermenting mistakes, and also gives great additional tips.)
*Please don’t kill the messenger. I can only vouch for the cabbage as a hangover cure.
How To Ferment Cabbage (Small Batch)
- Category: Salad
Ingredients
- ½ green cabbage head (approximately)
- 4-5 tablespoons salt
- 2-3 cups water
Instructions
- Cut the cabbage into a half, then into quarters, and then eights. Take some, and put a layer of it into a mason jar. Pack it in well. Get about a tablespoon of salt and generously pour over the layer. Add another layer of cabbage. Tightly pack. Add a tablespoon of salt. Repeat until the jar is filled.
- Check that the jar is tightly packed. Add water until jar is filled to the top. Place jar on a tray, and add a small, heavier object on the uncovered jar to add the pressure. Leave overnight, uncovered.
- In the morning, add water to top the jar off again (if necessary). Place the lid on, and cover tightly. Leave closed jar in the kitchen at room temperature for 5-10 days to 3-4 weeks.*
- Transfer to fridge, and start eating!
Notes
*Time is all about experimentation here. If you like the cabbage more sour, leave it fermenting for a few days, or even a week or two longer. You can't go wrong.
And just so we don't forget about fresh cabbage, here is a simple and familiar recipe for a salad. It's kind of fresh version of slaw, no mustard, no mayo, just salad and a simple lemon vinaigrette. (As I cannot insert 2 recipe widgets in one post I'll just write it out below.)
Prep Time: 10 min
Yields: 4 servings
Ingredients:
1 red cabbage head
1 green cabbage head
4 carrots
½ lemon (juiced)
2 ounce olive oil (or vegetable)
salt and pepper to taste
Instructions:
1. Grind red and green cabbage as well as carrots.
2. Mix lemon, olive oil, salt and pepper.
3. Combine!
Kristi @ Inspiration Kitchen says
I love cabbage and would've never thought to do this! Come to think of it, you have me crazing cabbage now. 🙂
aida says
Glad to hear it! And honestly, feel free to leave it out for a shorter period of time (5 or 10 days). I haven't had problems with it, although I do like it very sour so I usually leave it out longer.
Emily says
Oh, I have The Art of Fermentation on my list of books to read right now! I've always been so intimidated by the whole process.. love your step by step photos!
aida says
Thanks Emily! Glad it helps. Don't be intimidated, it's super simple. Salt, water, cabbage, and you're good to go! If it doesn't work out, just get another head of cabbage, tweak the process a little bit (for example: longer or shorter period for fermentation) and try again.
Phi @ The Sweetphi Blog says
Wow, love this recipe (and your photos are gorgeous)! My mother loves fermented cabbage, and I love how you showed how to make this, I'm totally going to try this!
aida says
Lovely! Let me know how it goes.
Jess says
I love your blog! My husband has been begging me to make this for ages...any tips on how to do whole cabbage leaves so that you can use them for sarma?
aida says
Thank you! Like I recommended to Emily (see the comments), just test it out. If you're making it for the first time, ferment it for 5-10 days. Everyone has their preferences over how sour they like it. Obviously if it tastes weird, duck it, and make another batch.
Now to ferment cabbage for sarma you need to ferment the entire cabbage head. For that you'll need a place to store it like a garage, or basement that has some airflow because the whiff will make you faint. 🙂
Then get a bucket, and several cabbage heads to place in it. Take each cabbage head and get rid of the outer green-ier leaves. Then cut out the root of each cabbage, making a small pit on the bottom of the cabbage head. (The root is basically the hard white stem, so just cut it out making a little "cup" in the process). Fill the "cup" with salt. Repeat for each cabbage head. Then fill up your bucket with cabbage heads. (You can also cut up a couple of heads to fill in the empty space in between cabbage heads.)
Make sure you're really pressing everything down well. Finally, fill the bucket up with water and place water bottles, or stones or something heavy on top of the cabbage in the bucket. Close the lid. The next day open the lid up and add more water if necessary (water should always cover all the cabbage heads).
Now some people say to check the water levels for the next few days. Some say to close it down and not open the bucket for 40 days. In either case, after that time your cabbage heads should be fermented for the best sarma ever.
Jess says
Oh my gosh, thank you so much for this! I can't wait to try it! 🙂
aida says
Anytime sweetie. Report back how it turned out!
Matea says
Thanks for this recipe! I've contemplated fermenting cabbage but didn't know how to! Nice photos 🙂
aida says
Thanks Matea! Let me know if you do and how it turns out.
Peter says
So I love kupus though it's def a far second to shopska which sadly I find near impossible to make in the US as never found proper sirene (non creamy, i.e. the kind you can shred) outside a small market in Cleveland but the question I have is what makes this different than sauerkraut?
And I mean that in a serious manner, not poking fun. Sauerkraut is basically an identical recipe yet much more sour whereas in Bosnia the kupas was always more mellow and sweet so curious why? Different type of cabbage? Just the length of ferment?
aida says
Good question. I think they're pretty similar, depending on whose you try. I agree - it's most likely the shorter amount of prep time that makes it less sour. As far as the sir (cheese) for sopska salata, yes, it's made with either sheep or cow milk cheese, unpasteurized. You probably won't find it in the US unless you have your own cows/ sheep. Some people find they like it with feta, so try that.
Wanda Gordon says
I was so lucky to be invited, a number of years s ago, to take 8 of my American students on a 21 day exchange trip to Russia. I fell in love with the marvelous country, and her people. I have craved the simple fermented cabbage salad ever since!!!! I have roamed the Internet with no luck until tonight when I found your recipe.
I am thrilled beyond words, and now I will think of your precious people while I eat this salad for years and years!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Aida says
Wanda, welcome to the blog!
Glad the recipe could be of help. The fall is a fantastic time to start fermenting cabbage, and it's really easy. Let me know how it turns out. I haven't been to Russia, I'd love to go, but I can imagine what a great time you had over there.
Mary Lou Surgi says
Hello, I hope you are still here! I love this fermented cabbage--I have been eating it almost every day while I am temporarily living in Albania. Of course, I usually buy it! But, I want to be able to make it when I return to the US later this year, so I have followed your recipe and it is just perfect. My question is about that round, white thing like a wheel that you put in the jar to keep the cabbages below the brine. I have seen it or something similar in other videos.
My question is, what is it called? And do you know where it can be bought--on-line or in markets in Europe??
Just hoping you can help me solve this mystery. Thank you.
★★★★★
Aida says
Hey May,
I know exactly what you're referring to, but I don't know what it's called. However, you can use something heavier like a clean rock or similar to keep the cabbage down.
Good luck!
Aida
Natalie Cassin says
Why not purple? Curious 😉
Aida says
Not sure. Germans do it. Here, purple cabbage is either in a salad, or stir fried.
Deb says
What about a moldy smell? Is the batch bad?
Aida says
Hi Deb,
Fermented cabbage smells very strong due to fermentation. As far as a moldy smell - it could very well be that it went bad. The best way is to test it. If the cabbage is crunchy and sturdy and a little tough then it's good to go. However if it falls apart in your hand, turns a little yellowish, and is mushy then it's no good. (Make sure to add lots of salt when you ferment it next time.) Does that help?
Nicole Artukovich says
Love Kupus! Usually make it this time of year in large crocks in the garage where is stays cool. Not cool enough right now in California but getting there. I made a batch in my counter top crock. I just looked and its a little foamy on the top. What is this? Is it bad?
Aida says
Hi Nicole!
If you've put enough salt and water to cover the cabbage you should be fine. The foam is formed by fermentation. You can remove it.